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<p>Acknowledgments xiii</p> <p>Summary xv</p> <p>Preface xix</p> <p>Glossary of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms xxix</p> <p>About the Companion Website liii</p> <p><b>1 Basic Concepts </b><b>1</b></p> <p>1.1 Energy Conservation: Laws of Thermodynamics 1</p> <p>1.2 Converting Heat to Mechanical Power 2</p> <p>1.2.1 Carnot Cycle, Carnot Machines, and Carnot Efficiency 4</p> <p>1.2.2 Rankine Cycle 8</p> <p>1.2.3 Brayton Cycle 9</p> <p>1.2.4 Ericsson Cycle 9</p> <p>1.2.5 Internal Combustion Engines 10</p> <p>1.2.6 Steam, Gas, and Oil Turbines 13</p> <p>1.2.7 Energy Content of Common Fuels (e.g. Gasoline, Diesel, Methanol, Hydrogen) 15</p> <p>1.3 Heat Pumps and Air-Conditioning Units 15</p> <p>1.3.1 Heating Cycle Of Heat Pump 21</p> <p>1.3.2 Combined Heating and Cooling Performance (CHCP) Coefficient of a Residence 22</p> <p>1.4 Hydro Turbines 24</p> <p>1.5 Wind Power and the Lanchester–Betz–Joukowsky Limit 26</p> <p>1.6 Thermal Solar and PV Plants 28</p> <p>1.7 Capacity Factors 40</p> <p>1.8 Force Calculations Based on Coulomb’s Law 40</p> <p>1.8.1 Electric Charge 41</p> <p>1.8.2 Electrostatic Force 43</p> <p>1.9 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors 45</p> <p>1.10 Instantaneous Current <i>i </i>and Voltage <i>v </i>46</p> <p>1.10.1 Instantaneous Voltage <i>v</i>, Work/Energy <i>work</i>, and Power <i>p </i>46</p> <p>1.11 The Question of Frequency: AC Versus DC Distribution and Transmission Systems 47</p> <p>1.12 Reference Directions and Polarities of Voltages and Currents 52</p> <p>1.13 Power <i>p </i>53</p> <p>1.14 Ideal Passive Electric Circuit Elements 53</p> <p>1.15 Independent and Dependent Voltage and Current Sources 55</p> <p>1.16 Galvanic Elements, Voltaic Series, and Lead–Acid Batteries 55</p> <p>1.17 Electrolysis 60</p> <p>1.18 Flow Batteries and Fuel Cells 61</p> <p>1.19 Reformer 61</p> <p>1.20 Energy Storage Plants 62</p> <p>1.21 Current Projects and Issues with Potential Solutions 62</p> <p>1.22 Software in Public Domain (e.g. PSPICE, Mathematica, MATLAB/Simulink) 68</p> <p>1.23 Summary 68</p> <p>Problems 69</p> <p>References 80</p> <p>Appendix 1.A Design Data of Photovoltaic Power Plant of Figure E1.6.1 85</p> <p>Appendix 1.B The Nature of Electricity and Its Manufacturing 89</p> <p>Appendix 1.C The Cost of Electricity in a Renewable Energy System 99</p> <p><b>2 Electric Circuit Laws </b><b>103</b></p> <p>2.1 Ohm’s Law and Instantaneous Electric Power <i>p</i>(<i>t</i>) 103</p> <p>2.2 Kirchhoff’s Current and Voltage Laws (KCL) and (KVL), Respectively 104</p> <p>2.3 Application of KVL to Single-Loop Circuits 107</p> <p>2.3.1 Voltage Division or Voltage Divider 108</p> <p>2.4 Single-Node Pair Circuits 109</p> <p>2.4.1 Current Division 110</p> <p>2.5 Resistor Combinations 112</p> <p>2.6 Nodal Analysis 115</p> <p>2.7 Loop or Mesh Analysis 117</p> <p>2.8 Superposition 118</p> <p>2.8.1 Principle of Superposition 119</p> <p>2.9 Source Exchange/Transformation 121</p> <p>2.10 Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 122</p> <p>2.10.1 Equivalency of Thévenin and Norton Circuits 126</p> <p>2.11 Wheatstone and Thomson Bridges 128</p> <p>2.12 Summary 131</p> <p>Problems 132</p> <p>References 137</p> <p><b>3 DC Circuit Transient Analysis </b><b>139</b></p> <p>3.1 Capacitors 139</p> <p>3.1.1 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 139</p> <p>3.1.2 Capacitor Combination Formulas 146</p> <p>3.2 Inductors 147</p> <p>3.2.1 Energy Stored in an Inductor 148</p> <p>3.2.2 Inductor Combination Formulas 151</p> <p>3.3 Transient Analysis Applied to Circuits Resulting in First-Order, Ordinary Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients 152</p> <p>3.3.1 RC Series Network and Time Constant <i>τ</i>_RC 152</p> <p>3.3.2 RL Series Network and Time Constant <i>τ</i>_RL 156</p> <p>3.4 Transient Analysis Applied to Circuits Resulting in Second-Order, Ordinary Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients 160</p> <p>3.5 Summary 167</p> <p>Problems 168</p> <p>References 176</p> <p><b>4 Alternating Current (AC) Steady-State Analysis with Phasors </b><b>179</b></p> <p>4.1 Sinusoidal and Cosinusoidal Functions 179</p> <p>4.2 Sinusoidal/Cosinusoidal and Complex Number Relations 180</p> <p>4.2.1 Definition of Phasors 181</p> <p>4.3 Phasor Relations for Circuit Elements such as Resistor, Inductor, and Capacitor 187</p> <p>4.3.1 Resistor 187</p> <p>4.3.2 Inductor 187</p> <p>4.3.3 Capacitor 188</p> <p>4.3.4 Definition of Impedance z and Admittance y 189</p> <p>Summary 192</p> <p>4.4 Delta-Wye Transformation 193</p> <p>4.5 Solution Based on Kirchhoff’s Laws 193</p> <p>4.6 Solution Using Nodal Analysis 196</p> <p>4.7 Solution with Mesh and Loop Analysis by Applying Kirchhoff’s and Ohm’s Laws 198</p> <p>4.8 Solution Based on Superposition 199</p> <p>4.9 Solution with Source Transformation/Exchange 202</p> <p>4.10 Solutions Employing Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems and Source Transformations 204</p> <p>4.11 Nonsinusoidal Steady-State Response 209</p> <p>4.12 Summary 213</p> <p>Problems 213</p> <p>References 220</p> <p>Appendix 4.A Conversion of Phasors from Rectangular to Polar Form 221</p> <p><b>5 Instantaneous and Steady-State Power Analysis </b><b>225</b></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 225</p> <p>5.2 Instantaneous Power <i>p</i>(<i>t</i>) 225</p> <p>5.3 Average (Real) Power <i>P </i>228</p> <p>5.4 Relation Between Root-Mean-Square (rms) or Effective (eff) Value and Amplitude 230</p> <p>5.5 Fundamental or Displacement Power Factor 232</p> <p>5.6 Complex Power 238</p> <p>5.7 Fundamental Power Factor Correction 246</p> <p>5.8 Residential Single-Phase AC Power Circuits in the United States 250</p> <p>5.8.1 Power Requirements for Lighting Equipment 251</p> <p>5.9 Three-Phase Distribution and Transmission Networks 254</p> <p>5.9.1 Balanced Wye (Y) Source-Wye (Y) Load Connection 259</p> <p>5.9.2 Balanced Wye (Y) Source-Delta (Δ) Load Connection 261</p> <p>5.9.3 Treatment of Delta (Δ)-Connected Source 262</p> <p>5.9.4 Power Relationships for Three-Phase Balanced Systems 264</p> <p>5.10 Summary 265</p> <p>Problems 266</p> <p>References 274</p> <p><b>6 Coupled Magnetic Circuits, Single- and Three-Phase Transformers </b><b>277</b></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 277</p> <p>6.2 Magnetic Circuits 277</p> <p>6.3 Magnetically Coupled Circuits, Definition of Self- and Mutual Inductances 288</p> <p>6.4 Unsaturated or Linear Single-Phase Transformer 290</p> <p>6.5 Ideal Transformer 293</p> <p>6.6 Applications of Single-Phase Power Transformers 301</p> <p>6.7 Three-Phase Power Transformers 318</p> <p>6.8 To Ground or Not to Ground? That Is the Question 331</p> <p>6.9 Results Obtained Through More Accurate Calculation and Measurement Methods 331</p> <p>6.10 Summary 332</p> <p>Problems 334</p> <p>References 344</p> <p><b>7 Frequency Characteristics of Electric Circuits </b><b>349</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 349</p> <p>7.2 Sinusoidal/Cosinusoidal Frequency Analysis 350</p> <p>7.3 Passive Filters 350</p> <p>7.3.1 Poles and Zeros of Transfer Function 351</p> <p>7.3.2 First-Order RC Low-Pass Filter Circuit and Its Frequency Characteristics 352</p> <p>7.3.3 First-Order RC High-Pass Filter Circuit and Its Frequency Characteristics 354</p> <p>7.3.4 Band-Pass and Band-Rejection (Second-Order) Filter Circuits and Their Frequency Characteristics 356</p> <p>7.3.5 Series and Parallel Resonant RLC (Second-Order) Circuits 361</p> <p>7.4 Active Filters 368</p> <p>7.5 Summary 368</p> <p>Problems 369</p> <p>References 373</p> <p><b>8 Operational Amplifiers </b><b>375</b></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 375</p> <p>8.2 Ideal Operational (OP) Amplifier 376</p> <p>8.3 Noninverting OP Amplifier 377</p> <p>8.4 Unity-Gain OP Amplifier 378</p> <p>8.5 Inverting OP Amplifier 379</p> <p>8.6 Differential Amplifier 381</p> <p>8.7 Summing Networks 382</p> <p>8.8 Integrating and Differentiating Networks 383</p> <p>8.9 Active Filters 389</p> <p>8.10 Current-to-Voltage Converter 392</p> <p>8.11 Controllers for Electric Circuits 393</p> <p>8.11.1 P Controller 394</p> <p>8.11.2 I Controller 408</p> <p>8.11.3 PI Controller 409</p> <p>8.11.4 D Controller 409</p> <p>8.11.5 PID Controller 411</p> <p>8.11.6 PD Controller 417</p> <p>8.12 Summary 417</p> <p>Problems 419</p> <p>References 428</p> <p><b>9 Semiconductor Diodes and Switches </b><b>431</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 431</p> <p>9.2 The pn Junction: Elementary Building Block of Semiconductor Diodes and Switches 432</p> <p>9.3 Zener Diode 436</p> <p>9.4 Varistor 436</p> <p>9.5 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 437</p> <p>9.6 Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) 440</p> <p>9.7 Thyristor (Current Gate) or Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) 440</p> <p>9.8 Triac 444</p> <p>9.9 Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) 445</p> <p>9.10 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) 446</p> <p>9.11 Summary 446</p> <p>References 447</p> <p><b>10 Applications of Semiconductor Switches Using PSPICE: Uncontrolled and Controlled AC–DC Converters (Rectifiers), AC Voltage and Current Regulators and Controllers, and DC–AC Converters (Inverters) </b><b>449</b></p> <p>10.1 Half-Wave, Single-Phase Rectification 450</p> <p>10.2 Full-Wave, Single-Phase Rectification 473</p> <p>10.3 AC Current Controllers 484</p> <p>10.4 Clippers and Clampers 491</p> <p>10.5 Three-Phase Rectifiers 495</p> <p>10.6 Three-Phase Inverters 508</p> <p>10.7 Design of a Photovoltaic (PV) Power Plant 519</p> <p>10.8 Design of a Wind Power Plant 527</p> <p>10.9 Efficiency Increase of Induction Motors Based on Semiconductor Controllers and Influence of Harmonics on Power System Components 538</p> <p>10.10 Power Quality and the Use of Input and Output Filters for Rectifiers and Inverters 538</p> <p>10.11 Summary 550</p> <p>Problems 551</p> <p>References 557</p> <p><b>11 DC Machines Serving as Role Models for AC Rotating Machine Operation and Electronic Converters </b><b>561</b></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 561</p> <p>11.2 Mechanical Commutation Concept 565</p> <p>11.3 Equivalent Circuits and Voltage–Current Diagrams of Separately, Cumulatively, Differentially, Self-Excited, and Series-Connected DC Machines 576</p> <p>11.4 Speed and Torque Control 580</p> <p>11.5 Summary 589</p> <p>11.5 Problems 589</p> <p>References 596</p> <p>Appendix 11.A Magnetic Field Computation Based on Numerical Methods 598</p> <p>Appendix 11.B Sample Calculation of Self- and Leakage Inductances and Flux of a DC Machine Field Winding from Flux Plots 607</p> <p><b>12 Permanent-Magnet, Induction, and Synchronous Machines: Their Performance at Variable Speed and Torque </b><b>615</b></p> <p>12.1 Revolving Magnetic Field 616</p> <p>12.2 Permanent-Magnet Materials 624</p> <p>12.3 Designs of Permanent-Magnet Machines (PMMs) 630</p> <p>12.3.1 Speed and Torque Control of PMM 638</p> <p>12.3.2 Applications of PMM to Automobiles and Wind Power Plants 641</p> <p>12.4 Three-Phase (Polyphase) IMs: Balanced Operation 656</p> <p>12.4.1 Basic Principle of Operation 656</p> <p>12.4.2 Equivalent Circuits 660</p> <p>12.4.3 Types of Induction Machines 670</p> <p>12.4.4 Speed and Torque Control with Semiconductor Converters and Controllers of IM as Applied to Heat Pumps, Automobiles, Trains, and Wind Power Plants 670</p> <p>12.4.5 Optimization of Three- and Single-Phase IMs with Respect to Efficiency for Given Performance Constraints 683</p> <p>12.5 Polyphase Non-salient and Salient Pole Synchronous Machines (SMs) 684</p> <p>12.5.1 Equivalent Circuits, Phasor Diagrams, and Magnetic Field Distributions Based on Polycentric Grid/Mesh Systems 685</p> <p>12.5.2 Applications of SMs When Independently Controlling Speed and Torque 703</p> <p>12.6 Summary 703</p> <p>Problems 704</p> <p>References 709</p> <p>Index 715</p>

<p><b>EWALD F. FUCHS</b>, Ph.D., has held professional engineering posts for 8 years at Siemens AG in Erlangen and Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany in the areas of control, energy conversion, and power systems, and a tenured faculty position thereafter for 35 years at the University of Colorado, teaching undergraduate and graduate energy conversion/power classes. He holds two U.S. patents on AC machines with increased torque and speed for hybrid/electric propulsion employing compensation of flux weakening (CFW). <p><b>HEIDI A. FUCHS</b> is a Senior Scientific Engineering Associate in Energy Technologies Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), with experience in energy use analysis, life-cycle energy and cost assessments, energy management practices, the energy-water nexus, spreadsheet modelling, and technical documentation.

<p><b>A great resource for beginner students and professionals alike</b> <p><i>Introduction to Energy, Renewable Energy and Electrical Engineering: Essentials for Engineering Science (STEM) Professionals and Students</i> brings together the fundamentals of Carnot's laws oo thermodynamics, Coulomb's law, electric circuit theory, and semiconductor technology. This book is the perfect introduction to energy-related fields for undergraduates and non-electrical engineering students and professionals with knowledge of Calculus III. Its unique combination of foundational concepts and advanced applications delivered with focused examples serves to leave the reader with a practical and comprehensive overview of the subject. <p>The book includes: <ul> <li>A combination of analytical and software solutions in order to relate aspects of electric circuits at an accessible level</li> <li>A thorough description of compensation of flux weakening (CFW) applied to inverter-fed, variable-speed drives not seen anywhere else in the literature</li> <li>Numerous application examples of solutions using PSPICE, Mathematica, and finite difference/finite element solutions such as detailed magnetic flux distributions</li> <li>Manufacturing of electric energy in power systems with integrated renewable energy sources where three-phase inverters supply energy to interconnected, smart power systems</li> </ul> <p>Connecting the energy-related technology and application discussions with urgent issues of energy conservation and renewable energy—such as photovoltaics and groundwater heat pump resulting in a zero-emissions dwelling—<i>Introduction to Energy, Renewable Energy, and Electrical Engineering</i> crafts a truly modern and relevant approach yo its subject matter.

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