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Pariahs in their Midst: Organized Extremism and the Problem of Tolerance in Contemporary Democracies  Ignore, Isolate, Co-Opt, Collaborate or Ban? Mapping Strategic Responses to Pariah Parties  Determinants of Democratic Defensiveness  Is the Cordon Sanitaire Effective?  The Moderating Effects of Incumbency? Responding to Political Extremism Without Succumbing to It Ban the Bans, but Guard the Threshold? 'Lessons' from Old to New Democracies

WILLIAM M. DOWNS Associate Dean for Social and Behavioral Sciences in the College of Arts and Sciences, an Associate Professor of Political Science, and the co-director of the Center for Human Rights and Democracy at Georgia State University, USA. He is the author of <EM>Coalition Government, Subnational Style: Multiparty Politics in Europe's Regional Parliaments</EM> and has published research articles on political parties, electoral behavior, legislative institutions, and extremism in such journals as <EM>Parliamentary Affairs</EM>, <EM>West European Politics</EM>, <EM>Electoral Studies</EM>, <EM>Government & Opposition</EM>, <EM>Journal of Contemporary European Studies</EM>, <EM>Contemporary Politics</EM>, and <EM>Perspectives on European Politics and Society</EM>. Downs has held a Fulbright research fellowship in Belgium, been a research fellow at Harvard University's Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, and served as a visiting faculty member at Aarhus University in Denmark.<BR>