Details

Understanding Microelectronics

A Top-Down Approach
1. Aufl.

von: Franco Maloberti
CHF 57.00
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	11.10.2011
ISBN/EAN:	9781119976486
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	696

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Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

The microelectronics evolution has given rise to many modern benefits but has also changed design methods and attitudes to learning. Technology advancements shifted focus from simple circuits to complex systems with major attention to high-level descriptions. The design methods moved from a bottom-up to a top-down approach. For today’s students, the most beneficial approach to learning is this top-down method that demonstrates a global view of electronics before going into specifics. Franco Maloberti uses this approach to explain the fundamentals of electronics, such as processing functions, signals and their properties. Here he presents a helpful balance of theory, examples, and verification of results, while keeping mathematics and signal processing theory to a minimum. Key features: <ul> <li> <div>Presents a new learning approach that will greatly improve students’ ability to retain key concepts in electronics studies</div> </li> <li> <div>Match the evolution of Computer Aided Design (CAD) which focuses increasingly on high-level design</div> </li> <li> <div>Covers sub-functions as well as basic circuits and basic components</div> </li> <li> <div>Provides real-world examples to inspire a thorough understanding of global issues, before going into the detail of components and devices</div> </li> <li> <div>Discusses power conversion and management; an important area that is missing in other books on the subject</div> </li> <li> <div>End-of-chapter problems and self-training sections support the reader in exploring systems and understanding them at increasing levels of complexity</div> </li> </ul> Inside this book you will find a complete explanation of electronics that can be applied across a range of disciplines including electrical engineering and physics. This comprehensive introduction will be of benefit to students studying electronics, as well as their lecturers and professors. Postgraduate engineers, those in vocational training, and design and application engineers will also find this book useful.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xvii List of Abbreviations xxi 1 Overview, Goals and Strategy 1 1.1 Good Morning 1 1.2 Planning the Trip 4 1.3 Electronic Systems 5 1.3.1 Meeting a System 8 1.4 Transducers 11 1.4.1 Sensors 11 1.4.2 Actuators 14 1.5 What is the Role of the Computer? 16 1.6 Goal and Learning Strategies 19 1.6.1 Teamwork Attitude 20 1.6.2 Creativity and Execution 20 1.6.3 Use of Simulation Tools 21 1.7 Self Training, Examples and Simulations 21 1.7.1 Role of Examples and Computer Simulations 22 1.8 Business Issues, Complexity and CAD Tools 23 1.8.1 CAD Tools 23 1.8.2 Analog Simulator 24 1.8.3 Device and Macro-block Models 25 1.8.4 Digital Simulation 26 1.9 ELectronic VIrtual Student Lab (ElvisLab) 27 Problems 29 2 Signals 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Types of Signals 35 2.3 Time and Frequency Domains 45 2.4 Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals 51 2.4.1 The Sampling Theorem 55 2.5 Using Sampled-Data Signals 57 2.5.1 The z-transform 58 2.6 Discrete-amplitude Signals 59 2.6.1 Quantized Signal Coding 64 2.7 Signals Representation 65 2.7.1 The Decibel 67 2.8 DFT and FFT 69 2.9 Windowing 70 2.10 Good and Bad Signals 75 2.10.1 Offset 76 2.10.2 Interference 77 2.10.3 Harmonic Distortion 78 2.10.4 Noise 82 2.11 THD, SNR, SNDR, Dynamic Range 86 Problems 89 Additional Computer Examples 92 3 Electronic Systems 95 3.1 Introduction 95 3.2 Electronics for Entertainment 96 3.2.1 Electronic Toys 96 3.2.2 Video Game and Game Console 100 3.2.3 Personal Media Player 101 3.3 Systems for Communication 103 3.3.1 Wired Communication Systems 103 3.3.2 Wireless: Voice, Video and Data 104 3.3.3 RFID 107 3.4 Computation and Processing 108 3.4.1 Microprocessor 110 3.4.2 Digital Signal Processor 111 3.4.3 Data Storage 112 3.5 Measure, Safety, and Control 114 3.5.1 The Weather Station 115 3.5.2 Data Fusion 116 3.5.3 Systems for Automobile Control 119 3.5.4 Noise-canceling Headphones 120 3.6 System Partitioning 122 3.7 System Testing 124 Problems 125 Additional Computer Examples 126 4 Signal Processing 127 4.1 What is Signal Processing? 127 4.2 Linear and Non-linear Processing 130 4.3 Analog and Digital Processing 135 4.3.1 Timing for Signal Processing 138 4.4 Response of Linear Systems 141 4.4.1 Time Response of Linear Systems 141 4.4.2 Frequency Response of Linear Systems 144 4.4.3 Transfer Function 147 4.5 Bode Diagram 151 4.5.1 Amplitude Bode Diagram 151 4.5.2 Phase Bode Diagram 155 4.6 Filters 158 4.6.1 Analog Design and Sensitivity 162 4.6.2 Sampled-data Analog and Digital Design 167 4.7 Non-linear Processing 169 Problems 175 Additional Computer Examples 179 5 Circuits for Systems 181 5.1 Introduction 181 5.2 Processing with Electronic Circuits 183 5.2.1 Electronic Interfaces 184 5.2.2 Driving Capability 188 5.2.3 Electrostatic Discharge Protection 191 5.2.4 DC and AC Coupling 193 5.2.5 Ground and Ground for Signal 197 5.2.6 Single-ended and Differential Circuits 198 5.3 Inside Analog Electronic Blocks 200 5.3.1 Simple Continuous-time Filters 201 5.3.2 Two-Pole Filters 205 5.4 Continuous-time Linear Basic Functions 205 5.4.1 Addition of Signals 206 5.4.2 The Virtual Ground Concept 209 5.4.3 Multiplication by a Constant 212 5.4.4 Integration and Derivative 214 5.5 Continuous-time Non-linear Basic Functions 221 5.5.1 Threshold Detection 222 5.5.2 Analog Multiplier 223 5.6 Analog Discrete-time Basic Operations 225 5.7 Limits in Real Analog Circuits 227 5.8 Circuits for Digital Design 229 5.8.1 Symbols of Digital Blocks 230 5.8.2 Implementation of Digital Functions 233 Problems 234 6 Analog Processing Blocks 239 6.1 Introduction 239 6.2 Choosing the Part 241 6.3 Operational Amplifier 242 6.3.1 Ideal Operation 242 6.4 Op-Amp Description 244 6.4.1 General Description 244 6.4.2 Absolute Maximum Ratings and Operating Rating 244 6.4.3 Electrical Characteristics 245 6.4.4 Packaging and Board Assembly 254 6.4.5 Small-signal Equivalent Circuit 255 6.5 Use of Operational Amplifiers 257 6.5.1 Inverting Amplifier 257 6.5.2 Non-inverting Amplifier 261 6.5.3 Superposing Inverting and Non-inverting Amplification 262 6.5.4 Weighted Addition of Signals (with Inversion) 264 6.5.5 Unity Gain Buffer 265 6.5.6 Integration and Derivative 266 6.5.7 Generalized Amplifier 268 6.6 Operation with Real Op-amps 269 6.6.1 Input Offset 269 6.6.2 Finite Gain 270 6.6.3 Non-ideal Input and Output Impedances 271 6.6.4 Finite Bandwidth 276 6.6.5 Slew-rate Output Clipping and Non-linear Gain 277 6.7 Operational Transconductance Amplifier 280 6.7.1 Use of the OTA 280 6.8 Comparator 284 6.8.1 Comparator Data Sheet 286 6.8.2 Clocked Comparator 289 Problems 289 7 Data Converters 293 7.1 Introduction 293 7.2 Types and Specifications 295 7.2.1 General Features 295 7.2.2 Electrical Static Specifications 296 7.2.3 Electrical Dynamic Specifications 299 7.2.4 Digital and Switching Data 302 7.3 Filters for Data Conversion 303 7.3.1 Anti-aliasing and Reconstruction Filters 303 7.3.2 Oversampling and Digital Filters 305 7.4 Nyquist-rate DAC 306 7.4.1 Resistor-based Architectures 306 7.4.2 Capacitance-based Architectures 312 7.4.3 Parasitic Insensitivity 314 7.4.4 Hybrid Resistive–capacitive Architectures 316 7.4.5 Current-based Architectures 317 7.5 Nyquist-rate ADC 321 7.5.1 Flash Converter 322 7.5.2 Two-step Flash 324 7.5.3 Pipeline Converters 327 7.5.4 Slow Converters 328 7.6 Oversampled Converter 332 7.6.1 Quantization Error and Quantization Noise 332 7.6.2 Benefit of the Noise View 336 7.6.3 Sigma–Delta Modulators 337 7.7 Decimation and Interpolation 342 Problems 344 8 Digital Processing Circuits 347 8.1 Introduction 347 8.2 Digital Waveforms 348 8.2.1 Data Transfer and Data Communication 350 8.2.2 Propagation Delay 354 8.2.3 Asynchronous and Synchronous Operation 355 8.3 Combinational and Sequential Circuits 356 8.3.1 Combinational Circuits 356 8.3.2 Sequential Circuits 358 8.4 Digital Architectures with Memories 360 8.5 Logic and Arithmetic Functions 362 8.5.1 Adder and Subtracter 362 8.5.2 Multiplier 365 8.5.3 Registers and Counters 371 8.6 Circuit Design Styles 377 8.6.1 Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) and FPGAs 378 8.7 Memory Circuits 381 8.7.1 Random-access Memory Organization and Speed 382 8.7.2 Types of Memories 384 8.7.3 Circuits for Memories 386 Problems 391 9 Basic Electronic Devices 393 9.1 Introduction 393 9.2 The Diode 395 9.2.1 Equivalent Circuit 398 9.2.2 Parasitic Junction Capacitance 400 9.2.3 Zener and Avalanche Breakdown 402 9.2.4 Doping and p–n Junction 403 9.2.5 Diode in Simple Circuits 407 9.3 The MOS Transistor 411 9.3.1 MOS Physical Structure 412 9.3.2 Voltage–current Relationship 414 9.3.3 Approximating the I–V Equation 416 9.3.4 Parasitic Effects 417 9.3.5 Equivalent Circuit 419 9.4 MOS Transistor in Simple Circuits 421 9.5 The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 423 9.5.1 The BJT Physical Structure 426 9.5.2 BJT Voltage–current Relationships 427 9.5.3 Bipolar Transistor Model and Parameters 431 9.5.4 Darlington Configuration 433 9.5.5 Small-signal Equivalent Circuit of the Bipolar Transistor 434 9.6 Bipolar Transistor in Simple Circuits 435 9.7 The Junction Field-effect Transistor (JFET) 439 9.8 Transistors for Power Management 441 Problems 443 10 Analog Building Cells 445 10.1 Introduction 445 10.2 Use of Small-signal Equivalent Circuits 446 10.3 Inverting Voltage Amplifier 447 10.4 MOS Inverter with Resistive Load 451 10.4.1 Small-signal Analysis of the CMOS Inverter 452 10.5 CMOS Inverter with Active Load 454 10.5.1 CMOS Inverter with Active Load: Small-signal Analysis 456 10.6 Inverting Amplifier with Bipolar Transistors 459 10.6.1 Small-signal Analysis of BJT Inverters 462 10.7 Source and Emitter Follower 471 10.7.1 Small-signal Equivalent Circuit of Source and Emitter Follower 473 10.7.2 Small-signal Input and Output Resistance 474 10.8 Cascode with Active Load 477 10.8.1 Equivalent Resistances 480 10.8.2 Cascode with Cascode Load 482 10.9 Differential Pair 483 10.10 Current Mirror 487 10.10.1 Equivalent Circuit 488 10.10.2 Current Mirror with High Output Resistance 489 10.10.3 Differential to Single-ended Converter 490 10.11 Reference Generators 492 Problems 493 11 Digital Building Cells 495 11.1 Introduction 495 11.2 Logic Gates 496 11.2.1 Gate Specifications 497 11.3 Boolean Algebra and Logic Combinations 499 11.4 Combinational Logic Circuits 504 11.4.1 Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR 505 11.4.2 Half-adder and Full-adder 507 11.4.3 Logic Comparators 509 11.4.4 Decoders 511 11.4.5 Parity Generator and Parity Checker 513 11.5 Sequential Logic Circuits 514 11.5.1 Latch 514 11.5.2 Gated Latch 516 11.5.3 Edge-triggered Flip-flop 517 11.5.4 Master–slave Flip-flop 519 11.6 Flip-flop Specifications 520 11.7 Transistor Schemes of Logic Cells 522 11.7.1 CMOS Inverter 522 11.7.2 Dynamic Response of CMOS Inverters 526 11.7.3 Power Consumption 529 11.7.4 NOR and NAND 530 11.7.5 Pass-gate Logic 532 11.7.6 Tri-state Gates 534 11.7.7 Dynamic Logic Circuits 535 Problems 536 12 Feedback 539 12.1 Introduction 539 12.2 General Configuration 540 12.2.1 Linear Feedback Systems 541 12.3 Properties of Negative Feedback 543 12.3.1 Gain Sensitivity 545 12.3.2 Bandwidth Improvement 545 12.3.3 Reducing Distortion 547 12.3.4 Noise Behavior 549 12.4 Types of Feedback 551 12.4.1 Real Input and Output Ports 553 12.4.2 Input and Output Resistances 555 12.5 Stability 559 12.5.1 Frequency Response of Feedback Circuits 559 12.5.2 Gain and Phase Margins 562 12.5.3 Compensation of Operational Amplifiers 563 12.6 Feedback Networks 566 Problems 568 13 Power Conversion and Power Management 571 13.1 Introduction 571 13.2 Voltage Rectifiers 572 13.2.1 Half-wave Rectifier 573 13.2.2 Full-wave Rectifier 577 13.3 Voltage Regulators 581 13.3.1 Zener Regulator 581 13.3.2 Series Linear Regulator 583 13.3.3 Series Linear Regulator with Adjustable Voltage 588 13.3.4 Supply of Active Blocks and Drop-out Voltage 590 13.3.5 Low Drop-out (LDO) Voltage Regulator 591 13.3.6 Protection Circuits 593 13.4 Switched Capacitor Regulator 595 13.4.1 Power Consumed by SC Regulators 597 13.4.2 Generation of Negative Voltages 599 13.4.3 Voltage Ripple 600 13.5 Charge Pump 601 13.6 Switching Regulators 604 13.6.1 Buck Converter 605 13.6.2 Boost Converter 607 13.6.3 Buck–boost Converter 610 13.6.4 Loop Control and Switches 611 13.6.5 Efficiency of Switching Regulator 613 13.7 Power Management 615 13.7.1 Rechargeable Batteries 615 13.7.2 Power Harvesting 618 13.7.3 Power Management Techniques 620 Problems 622 14 Signal Generation and Signal Measurement 623 14.1 Introduction 623 14.2 Generation of Simple Waveforms 624 14.3 Oscillators 627 14.3.1 Wien-bridge Oscillator 629 14.3.2 Phase-shift Oscillator 630 14.3.3 Ring Oscillator 631 14.3.4 Tank and Harmonic Oscillator 634 14.3.5 Digitally Controlled and Voltage-controlled Oscillator (VCO) 636 14.3.6 Quartz Oscillator 638 14.3.7 Phase Noise and Jitter 640 14.3.8 Phase-locked Oscillator 642 14.4 DAC-based Signal Generator 647 14.5 Signal Measurement 649 14.5.1 Multimeter 651 14.5.2 Oscilloscope 652 14.5.3 Logic Analyzer 655 14.6 Spectrum Analyzer 657 Problems 658 Index 661

Autorenportrait

Professor Franco Maloberti, University of Pavia, Italy Franco Maloberti is currently Professor of Microelectronics and Head of the Micro Integrated? Systems Group at the University of Pavia. His specialized subjects are in the design, analysis and characterization of integrated circuits and analog digital applications, mainly in the areas of switched-capacitor circuits, data converters, interfaces for telecommunication and sensor systems, and CAD for analog and mixed A/D design. He has written four books and over 370 papers on these topics, and holds 27 patents. Recipient of the XII Pedriali Prize for his technical and scientific contributions to national industrial production, Dr Maloberti was also the co-recipient of the 1996 Institute of Electrical Engineers Fleming Premium, the best Paper award, ESSCIRC-2007, and the best paper award, IEEJ Analog Workshop-2007. He received the 1999 IEEE CAS Society Meritorious Service Award, the 2000 CAS Society Golden Jubilee Medal, and the 2000 IEEE Millennium Medal. Dr Maloberti was the President of the IEEE Sensor Council from 2002 to 2003, and Vice-President, Region 8, of the IEEE CAS Society from 1995 to 1997, also an Associate Editor of IEEE TCAS-II. He is an IEEE Fellow and is presently serving as VP Publications of the IEEE CAS Society.

Back cover copy

Understanding MICROELECTRONICS A Top-Down Approach Franco Maloberti, University of Pavia, Italy The microelectronics evolution has given rise to many modern benefi ts but has also changed design methods and attitudes to learning. Technology advancements shifted focus from simple circuits to complex systems with major attention to high-level descriptions. The design methods moved from a bottom-up to a top-down approach. For today's students, the most benefi cial approach to learning is this top-down method that demonstrates a global view of electronics before going into specifi cs. Franco Maloberti uses this approach to explain the fundamentals of electronics, such as processing functions, signals and their properties. Here he presents a helpful balance of theory, examples, and verifi cation of results, while keeping mathematics and signal processing theory to a minimum. KEY FEATURES: <ul> <li>Presents a new learning approach that will greatly improve students' ability to retain key concepts in electronics studies</li> <li>Matches the evolution of Computer Aided Design (CAD) which focuses increasingly on high-level design</li> <li>Covers sub-functions as well as basic circuits and basic components</li> <li>Provides real-world examples to inspire a thorough understanding of global issues, before going into the detail of components and devices</li> <li>Discusses power conversion and management; an important area that is missing in other books on the subject</li> <li>End-of-chapter problems and self-training sections support the reader in exploring systems and understanding them at increasing levels of complexity</li> </ul> The supporting website (www.wiley.com/go/maloberti_electronics) links to the interactive student lab, ElvisLAB, where students can conduct virtual experiments on circuits and includes PowerPoint slides for lecturers. Inside this book you will fi nd a complete explanation of electronics that can be applied across a range of disciplines including electrical engineering and physics. This comprehensive introduction will be of benefit to students studying electronics, as well as their lecturers and professors. Postgraduate engineers, those in vocational training, and design and application engineers will also fi nd this book useful.